Hi there and welcome to the Insider! There are many different types of visas available in Panama, and they all require a Criminal Background Report from a national or federal authority. In the US that is the FBI, and anyone may request their FBI report. You will find all the details about it here: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/identity-history-summary-checks/identity-history-summary-checks
The other requirements for the visas vary based on the specific type of visa. Some require a minimum guaranteed income, others require a minimum investment in property or a business, while another requires a work contract or formation of a company. Determining which is the best visa for you is a very important task and you may want to consult with an attorney about this and for the best answers to your questions about the criteria for denial of a visa application.
You may submit your inquiry directly to Panamanian attorney Rainelda Mata-Kelly. She will be able to address your specific questions. Here is her contact info: Suite 406-407, Tower B, Torres de las Americas, Punta Pacifica, Panama City, Panama
Local tel: +(507) 216-9299
From the U.S. or Canada tel: (011 507) 216-9299
Email: rmk@mata-kelly.com; Website: http://www.mata-kelly.com
You’ll find more details about some of the visas options on the IL Panama page here: https://internationalliving.com/countries/panama/visa/
Best of luck, Linda